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Sunday, April 1, 2012

Power Amplifier for Laptop

Usually, the audio output from a laptop’s built-in speakers is low. A power amplifier is required to get a high volume. Here is a simple circuit to amplify the laptop’s audio output. The circuit is built around power amplifier IC LA 4440 (IC1) and a few other components. LA4440 is a dual channel audio power amplifier. It has low distortion over a wide range of low to high frequencies with good channel separation. Inbuilt dual channels enable it for stereo and bridge amplifier applications.


In dual mode LA4440 gives 6 watts per channel and in bridge mode 19- watt output. It has ripple rejection of 46 dB. The audio effect can be realized by using two 6-watt speakers. Connect pins 2, 6 and ground of IC1 to the stereo jack which is to be used with the laptop. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose in a suitable cabinet. The circuit works off regulated 12V power supply. It is recommended to use audio input socket in the circuit board. Use a proper heat-sink for LA4440.

Fungsi Kapasitor (Capasitor Function)

Kapasitor merupakan komponen elektronika yang berfungsi sebagai penyimpan muatan listrik selain itu kapasitor juga dapat digunakan sebagai penyaring frekuensi. Kapasitas kapasitor dalam kemampuannya menyimpan muatan listrik disebut Farad (F).Kapasitor memiliki berbagai macam bentuk dan ukuran tergantung dari kapasitas,
tegangan kerja, dan lain sebagainya. Kapasitor terbagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu kapasitor yang memiliki kapasitas yang tetap dan kapasitor yang memiliki kapasitas yang dapat diubah-ubah atau dengan kata lain kapasitor variabel.

Kapasitor Nonpolar
Kapasitor nonpolar merupakan jenis kapasitor yang memiliki kapasitas yang tetap, kapasitor ini memiliki kapasitas yang tidak terlalu besar. Untuk menggambarkan sebuah kapasitor dalam sebuah gambar rangkaian elektronika, kapasitor nonpolar digambarkan dengan simbol seperti dibawah ini.

Kapasitor jenis ini biasanya terbuat dari bahan kertas, mica, keramik, mylar dan lain sebagainya. Jenis bahan pembuat kapasitor memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda, sehingga memiliki kekurangan dan kelebihan masing-masing.



Pada umumnya nilai kapasitas dari sebuah kapasitor nonpolar digambarkan dengan kode angka. Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada contoh berikut.


Pada kode angka yang ditampilkan pada baris A untuk mengetahui berapa nilai kapasitas-nya adalah dengan melihat pada bagian Capacitance/Voltage yang terletak pada bagian depan, disana tertulis 0.01/100 yang artinya kapasitor ini memiliki kapasitas 0,01nF dan tegangan maksimum-nya adalah 100V. Sedangkan untuk nilai toleransi-nya diperlihatkan pada bagian belakang, disana tertulis angka 10 yang artinya 10%.

Pada kode angka yang ditampilkan pada baris B, kode angka dibubuhkan pada bagian atas kapasitor. Pada bagian tersebut tertulis 1,0J63 yang berarti kapasitor tersebut memiliki kapasitas sebesar 1nF, tegangan maksimum-nya 63V, sedangkan toleransi-nya ditandai oleh huruf ”J” yang mana pada keterangan gambar memiliki nilai 5%. Kedua contoh kode diatas nilai kapasitas kapasitor-nya selalu dalam nF (nano Farad). Selain dua contoh diatas ada satu lagi contoh pengkodean pada kapasitor, seperti berikut.

Pada gambar diatas kode yang tertera adalah 101, angka pertama merupakan digit pertama, angka kedua merupakan digit kedua dan angka ketiga merupakan faktor pengali dalam satuan pF (pico Farad). Jadi nilai kapasitor tersebut adalah 10 x 101 = 100pF. Contoh lain; Jika kode yang tertera adalah 223 maka nilai kapasitas-nya adalah 22 x 103 = 22000pF = 22nF

Kapasitor Polar atau Kapasitor Elektrolit
Sesuai dengan namanya kapasitor ini memiliki polaritas pada kedua kakinya yaitu polaritas positif (+) dan polaritas negatif (-). Kapasitor ini termasuk dalam kelompok kapasitor yang memiliki nilai kapasitas yang tetap dan memiliki nilai kapasitas yang besar. Pada rangkaian elektronika kapasitor elektrolit disimbolkan seperti gambar berikut.


Untuk C1 merupakan simbol gaya Eropa (Europe Syle) dan C2 adalah simbol gaya Amerika (American Style). Untuk pemberian nilai kapasitas, pada kapasitor elektrolit ditulis secara langsung lengkap dengan satuan dan tegangan maksimum, serta simbol polaritas-nya.


Perhatian : Ledakan dapat terjadi jika pemasangan polaritas-nya terbalik atau tegangan yang diberikan pada kapasitor ini melebihi tegangan maksimum-nya.
Kaki yang memiliki polaritas negatif berdekatan dengan tanda garis vertikal pada bodi kapasitor, atau kaki yang berpolaritas positif memiliki ukuran yang lebih panjang daripada kaki yang berpolaritas negatif. Seperti terlihat pada gambar diatas. Kapasitor Variabel Kapasitor variabel adalah kapasitor yang nilai kapasitas-nya dapat diubah-ubah sesuai keinginan. Oleh karena itu kapasitor ini di kelompokan ke dalam kapasitor yang memiliki nilai kapasitas yang tidak tetap



Simbol kapasitor variabel diperlihatkan seperti gambar sebelah kiri diatas. Seperti potensiometer kapasitor memiliki tuas untuk diputar atau biasa disebut rotor, dan bagian yang diam disebut stator. Kapasitor variabel dibuat dalam berbagai bentuk dan ukuran, nilai kapasitas-nya mulai dari beberapa pF hingga ratusan pF keatas. Kapasitor variabel biasa terdapat pada pesawat radio penerima, biasanya kapasitor variabel digunakan sebagaituning untuk mencari frekuensi radio dari pemancar.
Source: www.multiteknik66.net

12 VDC-220 VAC 50W Power Inverter Circuit

The ability advocate ambit is aimed to catechumen 12 VDC to 220 VAC and the action accepted as inverter. By inverting action will aftermath a 50W ability advocate that would accumulation altered baby appliances.
The DC to AC inverters are broadly acclimated in rural electrification the crave AC ability which includes solar home systems, bloom clinics, and
association centers. Ability Advocate can additionally be acclimated for added photovoltaic systems that catechumen ablaze activity into electricity such as weekend homes and alien cabins, boats and caravans, and baby telecom photovoltaic systems.
Power Advocate Ambit Explanation
The ability advocate ambit is constituted by the oscillator, annular the IC1, one affiliate IC2, one ambiguous multivibrator IC3, which accord in the achievement balanced aboveboard arresting of abundance 50HZ, chase a absorber date with Fet Q1-2, the drive date Q3-4 and the ability date Q4-5, the ability transistors Q5-6, should they are placed in heatsink.
The diodes Zener D2-3, assure the ability transistors from voltage peaks, that are produced by the agent T1. Agent T1 are a simple ability transformer, with average reception, which is affiliated in the contacts of CO1. For the use that him we want, the T1, is placed in reverse, with accessory coil it is acclimated as primary, with the average accession she is affiliated in the absolute point of array 12V and the two added contacts are affiliated in the emitters of Q5-6, that are affiliated in the abeyant of arena alternately, depending on the rythm that actuate outputs 10 and the 11 from IC3.
With this way while in actuality primary breeze AC current, in accessory is created 220V AC aboveboard voltage. The use of crystalic oscillator ensures actual acceptable advertence abundance 50HZ, and use a simple clear (CR1). For bigger precision, alongside with the C1, abide a capricious capacitor Cx, that ensure the adjustment of frequency, so that we booty in point P1, abundance 204.8 KHZ.
It’s accessible that the achievement voltage in abandoned of amount is bigger than the voltage with load. Additionally the achievement voltage depend from the achievement voltage of battery. Thus for array voltage 14V, the achievement voltage is added at 10%, compared to the array voltage 12V. If the advocate assignment in amount ability 40 until 60W, again it can be acclimated agent 2X9V. Various prices of output, for array voltage 12V and agent 2X10V,
Power Converter Parts List
Resistor
R1=10Mohms
R2=100ohms
R3=1.2Kohms
R4=560Kohms
R5-6=2.2Kohms
R7-8=56 ohms 5W
Capacitor
CX=22pF trimmed capacitor
C1-2=22pF ceramic
C3=8.2nF 100V MKT C4=10uF 16V
C5=47uF 16V
C6=470nF 400V
Diode
D1=5V6 0.4W
D2-3=47V 1W
Transistor
Q1-2=BS170
Q3-4=BD139
Q5-6=BD249
Integrated Circuit
IC1=4060
IC2=4013
IC3=4047
Crystal
CR1=3.2768 MHZ crystal
Transformer-Fuse
T1=220Vac/2X10V 2X2.2A
F1=5A Fuse
F2=0.25A Fuse
Inductor
L1=1H smoothing choke

Skema Rangkaian Active Crossover Circuit

This alive Cantankerous over is adequately beeline forward. It consists of a absorber and two 3rd order, 18 dB per octave filters. One low canyon and the added high. The cantankerous over abundance is set at 2Khz and is advised for AEK’s 400watt per access PA/Keyboard Amp systems. Obviously alone one access is apparent here.
The band akin audio arresting enters the absorber area it is astern out of phase. This is to atone for
the filters which will alter the appearance afresh appropriately abiding the arresting to it’s able phase. The filters are more-or-less accepted low and aerial canyon filters appropriately however, added capacitors and resistors accept been added in adjustment to get the altruism bottomward to a minimum appliance alone E12 components.
This ambit may not be of awfully abundant use to anyone as it was accurately advised to clothing the applications. It is not capricious or switchable for two reasons. Firstly, it didn’t charge to be back the backdrop of the apostle arrangement were already known. And secondly, the added complication was put into the accurateness of the crossover rather than it’s flexibility. The filters are akin in account to anniversary added as able-bodied as can be accepted appliance alone E12 components. If switching were to be active to accord a ambit of abundance options, a accommodation would accept to be fabricated on clarify accuracy.
The alone added way to accomplish a accepted crossover architecture and advance accurateness would apparently be to use Switched capacitor clarify architecture blocks. In theory, two 18or 24dB per octave filters could be complete such that they tracked anniversary added by actuality bound to the aforementioned clock. This would be a nice agreement but I haven’t had the befalling to prove this technology for this affectionate of application. My primary affair was the breach through of switching babble appliance such a design.
Therefore this architecture represents the simplest access I could booty and still get the adapted outcome.

300W Subwoofer Power Amplifier Wiring Diagram

Please agenda that the blueprint for this amp has been upgraded, and it is now recommended for connected aerial ability into 4 Ohms, but You will charge to go to extremes with the heatsink (fan cooling is awful recommended). It was originally advised for “light” alternate duty, acceptable for an equalised subwoofer arrangement (for archetype application the ELF assumption – see the Project
Page for the advice on this circuit). Where connected aerial ability is required, addition 4 achievement transistors are recommended, active in the aforementioned way as Q9, Q10, Q11 and Q12, and application 0.33 ohm emitter resistors.
Continuous ability into 8 ohms is about over 150W (250W for ±70V supplies), and it can be acclimated after added transistors at abounding ability into an 8 ohm amount all day, every day. The added transistors are alone bare if you appetite to do the aforementioned affair into 4 ohms at best accumulation voltage! Do not alike anticipate about application food over ±70V, and don’t bother allurement me if it is ok – it isn’t!
The ambit is credible in Figure 1, and it is a analytic accepted design. Connections are provided for the Internal SIM (published abroad on the Project Pages), and clarification is provided for RF aegis (R1, C2). The ascribe is via a 4.7uF bipolar cap, as this provides lots of capacitance in a baby size. Because of the impedance, little or no abasement of complete will be apparent. A polyester cap may be acclimated if you adopt – 1uF with the nominal 22k ascribe impedance will accord a -3dB abundance of 7.2Hz, which is absolutely low abundant for any sub.

Free Switch Mode Pre-Regulator

The botheration was that a voltage regulator had to bead the 18 volt capital ability accumulation voltage to 8 volts at 500ma to ability the CD player, crumbling 5 watts of ability and causing a lot of calefaction central the bunched unit. This ambit acts as an interference-free pre-regulator to abundantly abate the ability loss..
The achievement voltage of this ambit is artless by ability band fluctuations. Amount voltage aberration is alone abased on the on-resistance of Q2 and the amount of C2 (re: ripple). The achievement voltage can be set so that the ripple lulls are aloof aloft the
drop-out voltage of the beeline regulator at best amount for best activity conservation. The college amount you aces for C2, the added activity you can save and the added abiding the pre-regulator’s achievement voltage.

Beberapa Puasa Sunnah

Beberapa Puasa Sunnah.Alhamdulillah kita hari ini senantiasa diberikan nikmat iman, islam dan juga kesehatan sahabat semuanya sehingga kita saat ini masih dapat dipertemukan dalam keadaan sehat wal afiat aamiin..aamiin.Alhamdulillah pula postingan ini dengan wajah yang baru bagi Taman Berbagi yang telah berganti template dan Ibnu ucapkan terima kasih kepada Blog Keperawatan yang telah bersedia meluangkan waktunya membenahi template baru ini.Hari ini kita akan berbagi mengenai beberapa puasa sunnah yang telah dicontohkan oleh Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam dan semoga artikel puasa sunnah ini bermanfaat sahabat.

puasa Sunnah,beberapa puasa sunnah,sunnah puasa,Taman Berbagi

Hari ini Taman Berbagi akan berbagi mengenai puasa-puasa sunnah yang dianjurkan Rasululah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam dan diantaranya yaitu :
  1. Puasa 6 hari pada bulan Syawal.Rasulullah telah bersabda : "Siapa yang berpuasa Ramadhan lalu diikuti dengan puasa 6 hari pada bulan Syawal, seolah-olah is berpuasa setahun penuh".( HR. Muslim, Tirmidzi, Abu Dawud ).
  2. Puasa Nabi Daud.Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam bersabda : "Puasa yang paling Allah sukai adalah puasa Daud.Berpuasa satu hari dan berbuka satu hari".( HR. Bukhari )
  3. Puasa hari Asyura dan tasu'a (10 dan 9 Muharram ).Abu Hurairah meriwayatkan bahwa suatu ketika Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam ditanya : Shalat apa yang paling baik sesudah shalat wajib.Beliau menjawab, shalat ditengah malam.Lalu beliau ditanya puasa apa yang paling baik sesudah Ramadhan.Beliau menjawab, Bulan Allah yang kalian sebut dengan Muharram".( HR. Ahmad, Muslim, Abu Dawud ).
  4. Puasa hari Arafah (9 Dzulhijah) bagi yang tidak menunaikan haji.Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam bersabda :"Puasa hari Arafah bisa menghapus dosa selama 2 tahun, tahun lalu dan tahun yang akan datang.Sementara, puasa hari Asyura menghapus dosa satu tahun yang lewat".( HR. al jamaah, kecuali Bukhari dan Tirmidzi )
  5. Puasa 3 hari pada setiap bulan Qamariyah ( 13,14,15 ).Abu Dzarr al-Ghiffari berkata, Rasulullah shallaallahu 'alaihi wa sallam memerintahkan kepada kami untuk berpuasa dalm sebulan tiga kali, yaitu 13,14,15.Menurut beliau, ia seperti puasa satu tahun".( HR. Nasai )
  6. Puasa Senin Kamis.Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam biasa melakukan puasa pada hari Senin Kamis.Maka beliau ditanya tentang hal itu.Beliau menjawab :"Amal hamba dihamparkan pada hari Senin Kamis.Aku ingin amalku dihamparkan sementara aku dalam kondisi puasa."
Sumber : Muhasabah

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